Global war on greenhouse gas emissions has a military blind spot

Nato told Reuters it has created a methodology for its members to report their military emissions. PHOTO: REUTERS

LONDON/WASHINGTON – When it comes to taking stock of global emissions, there is an elephant in the room: the world’s armed forces.

As temperatures hit new highs, scientists and environmental groups are stepping up pressure on the United Nations to force armies to disclose all their emissions and end a long-standing exemption that has kept some of their climate pollution off the books.

Among the world’s biggest consumers of fuel, militaries account for 5.5 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to a 2022 estimate by international experts.

But defence forces are not bound by international climate agreements to report or cut their carbon emissions, and the data that is published by some militaries is unreliable or incomplete at best, scientists and academics say.

That is because military emissions abroad, from flying jets to sailing ships to training exercises, were left out of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol on reducing greenhouse gases – and exempted again from the 2015 Paris accords – on the grounds that data about energy use by armies could undermine national security.

Now, environmental groups Tipping Point North South and The Conflict and Environment Observatory, along with academics from the British universities of Lancaster, Oxford and Queen Mary are among those pushing for more comprehensive and transparent military emissions reporting, using research papers, letter campaigns, and conferences in their lobbying drive.

In the first five months of 2023, for example, at least 17 peer reviewed papers have been published, three times the number for all of 2022 and more than the previous nine years combined, according to one campaigner who tracks the research.

The groups also wrote in February to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) calling on the UN’s climate body to include all military emissions given their significance for comprehensive global carbon accounting.

“Our climate emergency can no longer afford to permit the ‘business as usual’ omission of military and conflict-related emissions within the UNFCCC process,” the groups wrote.

Emissions accounting will come into focus in the first global stocktake – an assessment of how far behind countries are from the Paris climate goals – due to take place at the COP28 climate summit in the United Arab Emirates starting on Nov 30.

“The omission of conflict-related emissions in UNFCCC accounting is a glaring gap,” said Dr Axel Michaelowa, founding partner of Perspectives Climate Group, adding that hundreds of millions of tonnes of carbon emissions may be unaccounted for.

‘Recovery and peace’

For now, however, there are few signs there will be any tangible response to the lobbying drive in 2023

The UNFCCC said in an e-mailed response to questions that there were no concrete plans to amend guidance on military emissions accounting, but that the issue could be discussed at future summits, including at COP28 in Dubai.

Asked whether military emissions would be discussed at the UN summit, the UAE presidency said one of its thematic days during the two-week summit would be “relief, recovery and peace”, without giving further details.

There are signs, however, that some militaries are preparing for changes in their reporting requirements in the coming years, while others are making strides to cut their climate impact.

Nato, the 31-country Western security alliance, for example, told Reuters that it has created a methodology for its members to report their military emissions.

Countries such as New Zealand are exploring whether to add previously excluded areas, such as emissions from overseas operations, while Britain and Germany are looking to address grey areas in their reporting, defence officials said.

And Washington sent United States Army and Navy representatives to the COP27 climate summit in Egypt in 2022, the first time a Pentagon delegation has attended the global climate summit.

“What I think that signified is that we are part of the conversation, we are certainly emitters when it comes to fossil fuels and energy,” Ms Meredith Berger, assistant secretary for energy, installations and environment at the US Navy and one of the Pentagon delegates, told Reuters.

The US military’s oil use and emissions are falling.

The US Defence Logistics Agency, which oversees oil buying, said 84 million barrels were purchased in 2022, down almost 15 million from 2018. Emissions in 2022, meanwhile, fell to 48 million tonnes from 51 million tonnes the previous year.

The US Department of Defence said those figures included all emissions, but that it stripped out international transport and bunker fuels from the numbers reported to the UNFCCC.

More drones

Dr Neta Crawford, a professor of international relations at Oxford University, said US troop withdrawals from Afghanistan and Iraq, the adoption of renewable energy technologies, more fuel-efficient vehicles, as well as fewer and smaller military exercises, had contributed to the declines in the fuel use.

The wider use of drones may also have helped.

“One of the biggest emissions reduction technologies has been the use of unmanned aerial vehicles – drones,” said a senior US defence official, who spoke to Reuters on condition of anonymity.

“When you take a human out of the aircraft, you get dramatically improved energy performance.”

Groups lobbying the UN to lift the military exemptions point to a surge in emissions related to the Ukraine conflict as a good reason for the change.

“Ukraine has absolutely brought the spotlight onto this issue in a way that other conflicts have not,” said Dr Deborah Burton at environmental group Tipping Point North South.

A report from Dutch carbon accounting expert Lennard de Klerk estimated the first 12 months of the war in Ukraine will trigger a net increase of 120 million tonnes of greenhouse gases, equivalent to the annual output of Singapore, Switzerland and Syria combined.

And academics from Oxford and Queen Mary University of London are holding a conference on military emissions in Oxford on Sept 26, with the aim of generating new research that could help inform changes to reporting requirements.

Ukraine’s Environment Ministry said it supports the efforts and would seek backing from governments at COP28 for more transparent military emissions reporting.

‘Free ride’

While the Ukraine war has heightened the focus among climate activists on military emissions, some experts say it is a distraction for governments focused on regional security, and that could slow discussions in the near term.

“It’s important to understand the Ukraine crisis has made this a little bit more complicated,” said Mr James Appathurai, Nato’s deputy assistant secretary-general for emerging security challenges.

Some militaries say publishing details on their oil use would be a window into their overseas operations.

“We would not want to let everybody know how much fuel we use in these missions – how far we fly, how far we drive, and what our exercise patterns are,” said Mr Markus Ruelke, from the German Defence Ministry’s environmental protection unit.

Some military emissions are recorded under unspecified fuel combustion in the UN’s reporting tables, the UNFCCC said.

In the meantime, global military emissions will remain poorly understood, said Mr Stuart Parkinson, executive director of the Scientists for Global Responsibility.

“It’s all very well telling people to stop flying or switch to an electric car, whether that’s an expense or inconvenience to them, but it’s hard to do that when the military gets a free ride,” he said. REUTERS

This article was originally published on The Straits Times. Its inclusion on this website is solely for education purposes.